A restrictive clause, also known as a defining clause, is an essential part of a sentence, providing essential information about the noun it modifies. It limits or restricts the noun and cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.
For example, in the sentence “The students who studied the hardest got the best grades,” the restrictive clause “who studied the hardest” limits the noun “students” and is necessary for understanding the meaning of the sentence. Without it, the sentence would not make sense. When a sentence contains a restrictive clause, it should not be set off by commas.
Examples:
Unless you sign the contract, you cannot purchase the house: This restrictive clause states that the purchase of the house is contingent upon signing the contract.
If you are under 18 years old, you cannot enter the club: This restrictive clause states that entering the club is prohibited for individuals who are under 18 years old.
Provided you meet the requirements, you are eligible for the promotion: This restrictive clause states that an individual is eligible for the promotion if they meet the requirements.
Animals that are endangered should be protected: The restrictive clause specifies which animals should be protected - those that are endangered.
If you don't save regularly, you won't enjoy the benefits in the long term
Whoever arrives early will get a special treat
Customers who use a coupon will receive a discount.
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On the other hand, a non-restrictive clause, also known as a non-defining clause, is an additional piece of information that is not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence and can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.
When a sentence contains a non-restrictive clause, it should be set off by commas.
E.g. Sheila, who is a great friend of mine, is visiting from out of town. The non-restrictive clause “who is a great friend” does not provide any information necessary for the sentence to make sense. It simply provides additional information about Sheila, which is not required for understanding the sentence.
Examples:
The lake, which is located in the nearby park, is often used for swimming.
My father, who always has a smile on his face, is the most optimistic person I know.
The teacher, who was wearing a bright yellow dress, addressed the class.
The theater, which was built in the 19th century, has been renovated.
My partner, an avid reader, read three books last week.
My son, who loves to play video games, spends too much time on his phone.
The movie, which was a hit at the box office, was nominated for several awards.
In conclusion, restrictive clauses are an essential part of a sentence, providing essential information about the noun it modifies, and cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Non-restrictive clauses, on the other hand, are not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence and can be removed without changing the meaning. It is important to be able to distinguish between restrictive and non-restrictive clauses in order to be able to properly punctuate a sentence.